Transylvanian Saxon politics and imperial Germany, 1871-1876

This article investigates the potential influence of the newly formed Imperial Germany on Transylvanian Saxon politics. The Saxons were German-speaking settlers with long traditions of local autonomy and political privileges within the kingdom of Hungary. From the early eighteenth century, Saxon politics had been defined by its relations to Hungary and to the Habsburg monarchy as a whole. Under the dualist system set up in the 1867 Compromise, the Hungarian government exerted control over Transylvania. The unification of Germany in 1871 introduced a new factor into Saxon politics since there was a clear territorial subject for the indistinct notions of pan-German cultural, religious (Lutheran), and historical affinities. The issue of Saxon administrative and political autonomy, eventually removed by the Hungarian government in 1876, forms a case-study of Saxon politics and the place of Germany within it. There was a spectrum of responses, not simply increased German nationalism amongst Saxons, and the article traces the careers of Georg Daniel Teutsch, Jakob Rannicher, and Guido Baussnern to highlight the diversity within the Saxon camp. From the perspective of Imperial Germany, diplomatic considerations such as regional stability outweighed any possible intervention in Hungarian domestic matters. Moreover, the German public remained largely indifferent to appeals for support

Austro-German Liberalism and the Coming of the 1867 Compromise: “Politics Again in Flux”

On 7 October 1866, Adolf Pratobevera—a prominent liberal politician and former Justice Minister—wrote in his diary that “politics [is] again in flux, whether this is a blessing? God knows.” Pratobevera was writing just three months after the battle of Königgrätz/Hradec Králové in a period of immense instability and uncertainty for the Habsburg monarchy. Following Austria's military defeat at Königgrätz, the traditional supports of the system—the emperor, the army, and the bureaucracy—were in a weakened state and this dramatically opened the range of possibilities in politics. Indeed, the defeat threw the whole political system into question, a situation that sharply exposed the fault lines and internal political workings of the monarchy. In the period from Königgrätz on 3 July 1866 to the ministerial meeting on 1 February 1867 (when the emperor definitively decided on the dualist structure), all political parties and movements had the opportunity to define their program, to seek possible allies, and to argue their particular vision of the monarchy's political structure.</jats:p

Métastases osseuses : bonnes pratiques éthiques et cliniques en physiothérapie

Travail d'intégration présenté à la Faculté de médecine en vue de l’obtention de la maîtrise en physiothérapieProblématique : En 2012, 26 500 hommes recevront un diagnostic de cancer de la prostate, dont près de 10% souffriront de métastases osseuses. Plusieurs physiothérapeutes éprouvent des réticences à traiter cette clientèle, car les indications au traitement ne sont pas clairement définies. Objectif: Analyser les bonnes pratiques biopsychosociales en physiothérapie associées à un patient présentant des métastases osseuses et ce, dans divers contextes de soins. Stratégie méthodologique: Revue de littérature critique pour établir les bonnes pratiques avec un patient présentant des métastases osseuses. Une étude de cas a permis d’analyser les différents enjeux dans 3 contextes de soins. Résultats: Une revue des indications, des précautions et des contre-indications a été effectuée. L’approche biopsychosociale devrait être intégrée dans la pratique au Québec, puisqu’elle permet le respect de l’intégrité, de la personnalité et réduit le risque de désaccords moraux face au patient. Le calcul des risques et des bénéfices montre que le principe de précaution a tendance à limiter le processus décisionnel du physiothérapeute. Le principisme est un cadre éthique qui permet d’établir des critères pour décider s’il est indiqué d’offrir de la physiothérapie aux patients dans le continuum de soins. Conclusion: Malgré de nombreuses contre-indications, il y a davantage de bienfaits à traiter un patient avec métastases osseuses plutôt que l’inverse. Il existe un risque potentiel à ne pas traiter. Face à l’incertitude clinique, le physiothérapeute doit être prudent. L’expérience du clinicien, l’encadrement d’une équipe médicale, l’obtention d’un diagnostic avec des précisions sur le site des métastases osseuses sont des facteurs facilitant l’intervention

Austro-German liberalism and Bohemian state rights, 1861-1879

This article aims to investigate the viewpoint of the Austro-German liberal movement – both ideologically and practically – towards the arguments for Bohemian state rights made by the conservative Bohemian Great Landowners and Czech political parties in the period from 1861 to 1879. The February Patent of 1861 is a convenient starting point because it reintroduced representative bodies and facilitated the development of modern democratic politics. The 1879 parliamentary elections constituted a significant turning point in Austrian and Bohemian politics since the Austro-German liberals lost the majority in the central parliament while the conservative Bohemian and Czech parties attended parliament after a sixteen-year absence and joined the conservative-Slav coalition supporting the government. The principal argument is that while the Austro-German liberals (particularly the Bohemian-German faction) were generally opposed to Bohemian state rights, this must be qualified by the genuine desire for compromise (under certain conditions) and the considerable tactical flexibility. Moreover, the wider Imperial context must always be kept in mind when analyzing the events and opinions. Chronologically, the article focuses on key parliamentary debates to illustrate the changing relations: the fluid 1860s, the crucial period from 1867 to 1871 (when there was a real possibility of a form of Bohemian state rights) through to the turning point of 1879

Temperature-Dependent Electron-Electron Interaction in Graphene on SrTiO3

The electron band structure of graphene on SrTiO3 substrate has been investigated as a function of temperature. The high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission study reveals that the spectral width at Fermi energy and the Fermi velocity of graphene on SrTiO3 are comparable to those of graphene on a BN substrate. Near the charge neutrality, the energy-momentum dispersion of graphene exhibits a strong deviation from the well-known linearity, which is magnified as temperature decreases. Such modification resembles the characteristics of enhanced electron-electron interaction. Our results not only suggest that SrTiO3 can be a plausible candidate as a substrate material for applications in graphene-based electronics, but also provide a possible route towards the realization of a new type of strongly correlated electron phases in the prototypical two-dimensional system via the manipulation of temperature and a proper choice of dielectric substrates.Comment: 16 pages, 3 figure

Parathyroid sensing of the direction of change of calcium in uremia

Parathyroid sensing of the direction of change of calcium in uremia. It could be advantageous for the parathyroids to be able to sense not only the absolute concentration of extracellular Ca2+, but also the rate and direction of change of Ca2+, thereby allowing the parathyroids to respond earlier to threats to Ca2+ homeostasis. By using high and low Ca2+ dialysis in a single session, we examined the parathyroid response to direction of change of Ca2+ during acute Ca2+ perturbation in nine hemodialysis patients. Separate PTH/ionized calcium (PTH/iCa) response curves were generated for rising Ca2+ and falling Ca2+. Significant directional hysteresis (higher PTH level during falling than during rising Ca2+) was found. During hypercalcemia, PTH levels were between 2.2 and 1.6 times higher at iCa concentrations of between 0 and +0.1 mM above the baseline iCa, when Ca2+ was falling than when it was rising. During the phase of induced hypocalcemia, parathyroid fatigue was seen in six of the nine patients. Fatigue patients tended to have higher basal PTH (1-84) levels than those not showing fatigue. The existence of fatigue provides an explanation for directional hysteresis during hypocalcemia, and therefore parathyroid sensing of the direction of change of Ca2+ could not be assessed during hypocalcemia. These studies demonstrate a capacity of the parathyroids to sense the direction of movement of Ca2+ during hypercalcemia